I. Introduction

II. Affirmative Action: The General Debate

II.A The Case for Affirmative Action

II.A.1 Affirmative Action Remedies Racial Discrimination

II.A.2 Affirmative Action Creates a Better America

II.A.3 The Costs of Affirmative Action Are Acceptable

II.B The Merit Critique Is Muddy

II.B.1 Merit Comes in Many Forms

II.B.2 Merit in the University

II.B.2. a) Academic Standards Have Risen During the Affirmative Action Era

II.B.2. b) Measuring Academic Ability Is Hard

II.B.2. c) Grades and Test Scores Are Not Everything

II.B.3 Our Commitment to Merit Is Fickle

II.C Race-Consciousness Is Not Racism

II.C.1 Color-Blindness Is Not Morally Mandated

II.C.2 Color-Blindness Is Gratuitous in an Era of Judicial Retrenchment

III. Affirmative Action & Asian Pacific Americans

III.A APAs Have Suffered Racial Discrimination In The Past

III.A.1 The Law Explicitly Discriminated Against Asian Immigrants

III.A.1. a) Immigration

III.A.1. b) Citizenship

III.A.2 APAs Suffered as Second Class Aliens

III.A.3 We Imprisoned More than 110,000 Japanese Americans During WW II

III.B The Model Minority Myth

III.B.1 The Model Minority Myth Is Misleading

III.B.2 APA Success Has Non-Racist Explanations

III.B.3 The Model Minority Myth Is Dangerous

III.C APAs Still Suffer Racial Discrimination The Present

III.C.1 Stereotypes Plague APAs

III.C.2 APAs Suffer from Employment Discrimination

III.C.2. a) The Parity Concept Introduced

III.C.2. b) APAs Are Under-Parity or Would Be but for Affirmative Action

III.C.2. c) Parity Obscures Discrimination Against APAs

III.C.3 APAs Are Victims of Racial Violence

III.D Admission Ceilings The Problem of Negative Action

III.D.1 APAs Can Be Treated with Affirmative Action, Neutral Action, and Negative Action

III.D.2 We Can Simultaneously Reject Negative Action and Embrace Affirmative Action

Conclusion

How to Use This Document

Acknowledgements & Notes

Biographical Information

ENDNOTES

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